 |
| by Farizal Akbar |
12
TENSES
I.
THE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Definition:
Suatu bentuk pekerjaan yang menyatakan kebiasaan yang dilakukan
berulang-ulang atau peristiwa yang terjadi sekarang atau keadaan nyata yang tetap.
Example:
·
We
always go to school on time
· Yono looks ill
·
The
world is round
·
We
do not occasionally speak English in the class
·
Does
she seldom study together with us?
Time Signal:
§
Always
: selalu
§
Seldom
: jarang
§
Regularly
: secara teratur
§
Usually
: biasanya
§
Generally
: biasanya
§
As
a rule : biasanya
§
Normally
: biasanya
§
Often
: sering
§
Oftentimes
: sering
§
Steadily
: terus-menerus
§
Some
times : kadang-kadang
§
Occasionally
: kadang-kadang
§
On
and of : kadang-kadang
§
Now
and again : kadang-kadang
§
Now
and then : kadang-kadang
§
Once
in a while : kadang-kadang
§
Everyday
: setiap hari
§
Every
morning : setiap pagi
§
Every
afternoon : setiap sore
§
Every
evening : setiap malam
§
Every
week : setiap minggu
§
Every
month : setiap bulan
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal
:
(+) S + V1(s/es) + O + signal
(−) S + do not/ does not + V1 + O + signal
(?) do/ does + S + V1 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal
:
(+) S + to be (is, am, are) + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + to be (is, am, are) + not + non verb + O + signal
(?)to
be (is, am, are) + S + non verb + O +
signal?
II. THE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Kata kerja bentuk ing (V-ing) digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian
yang sedang berlangsung.
Example:
·
You
are sitting on the sofa
·
He
is going to library now
·
They
are not reading an English book today
·
She
is being tired to play badminton
·
Are
you being busy to play badminton with me?
Time Signal:
§
Now
: sekarang
§
Right
now : sekarang ini
§
Today
: hari ini
§
At
present : sekarang ini
§
At
this moment : pada saat ini
§
Tonight
: malam ini
§
This
morning : pagi ini
§
Look!
: lihat!
§
Listen!
: dengar!
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + to be (is, am are) + not + V-ing + O + signal
(?) to be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + to be (is, am, are) + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + to be (is, am, are) + not + being + non verb + O + signal
(?) to be (is, am, are) + S + being + non verb + O + signal?
III.
THE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Definition:
Kata kerja bentuk ketiga (V3) digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu kejadian yang sudah terjadi pada waktu lampau, sebelum kejadian lain
terjadi. Dan masih berhubungan dengan sekarang.
Example:
·
Sam has cleaned the floor.
·
I’ve heard John married to Jane.
·
I’ve ever left a restaurant without
paying the bill.
·
Have you ever ridden a camel?
·
Have
finally you been happy to sing a song with us?
Time Signal:
§
Never
: tidak pernah
§
Ever
: pernah
§
Already
: sudah
§
Lately
: akhir-akhir ini
§
Finally
:
akhirnya
§
Recently
:
baru-baru ini
§
So
far :
hingga kini
§
Up
to the present time : sampai
sekarang
§
For
a week :
selama seminggu
§
Since
last week : sejak
minggu lalu
§
Once
:
sekali
§
Twice
: dua
kali
§
This
week :
minggu ini
§
At
last :
akhirnya
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + have/ has + V3 + O + signal
(−) S + have/ has + not + V3 + O + signal
(?) have/ has + S + V3 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + have/ has + been + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + have/ has + not + been + non verb + O + signal
(?) have/ has + S + been + non verb + O + signal?
IV.
THE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Untuk meyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang
dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih terus berlangsung hingga waktu sekarang.
Example:
·
I have been waiting here since
morning
·
We haven’t been swimming since
January
·
Has she been studying Indonesian for
two years?
·
Hasn’t he been staying in Gresik
since 1997?
·
Mr. Ahmad has been walking for five
hours
Time Signal:
§
For :
selama
§
Since : sejak
§
Long : lamanya
§
How long : berapa lama
§
The whole day : sepanjang hari
§
All afternoon : sepanjang sore
§
Since six o’clock : sejak jam 6
§
For over two years : selama lebih dari 2 tahun
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + have/ has + been + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + have/ has + not + been + V-ing + O + signal
(?) have/ has + S + been + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + have/ has + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + have/ has + not + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(?)
have/ has + S + been + being + non verb + O + signal
V.
THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Definition:
Kata kerja bentuk kedua (V2) digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
kejadian yang sudah lampau yang dilakukan pada waktu kemarin.
Example:
·
You
sang a song with me last week
·
She
was angry to you yesterday
·
He
didn’t go to library last month
·
They
weren’t study with me last night
·
Did
she take a nap around two hours just now?
Time Signal:
§
Just
now : tadi
§
Yesterday
: kemarin
§
Last
night : kemarin malam
§
Last
week : minggu kemarin
§
2
days ago : 2 hari yang lalu
§
A
week ago : satu minggu lalu
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal
:
(+) S + V2 + O + signal
(−) S + did + not + V1 + O + signal
(?) did + S + V1 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal
:
(+) S + was/ were + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + was/ were + not + non verb + O + signal
(?)
was/ were + S + non verb + O + signal?
VI.
THE
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Di pergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada
waktu lampau.
Example:
·
I was sleeping when the phone rang
·
When I first met him, he was working in
a bar
·
We were watching television the whole
night
·
We were
not cycling all day
·
Most
of the time we were sitting in the park
Time Signal:
§
All
day yesterday :
sepanjang hari kemarin
§
The
whole day last Monday : sepanjang hari
senin yang lalu
§
All
morning last Sunday : sepanjang
pagi hari yang lalu
§
…
when … : …
ketika …
§
…
as … :
… sewaktu …
§
…
while … : …
selagi …
§
At
the time :
pada waktu itu
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + was/ were + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + was/ were + not + V-ing + O + signal
(?) was/ were + S + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + was/ were + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + was/ were + not + being + non verb + O + signal
(?)
was/ were + S + being + non verb + O +
signal?
VII.
THE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
Definition:
Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah dilakukan dimasa lampau
kemudian disusul dengan perbuatan yang lain tetapi peristiwa kedua yang lebih
dulu terjadi/ selesai.
Example:
·
I left as soon as the meeting had ended
·
When she got there, everyone had gone
home
·
He had been in the army for twenty years
·
Tom was then 23; his father had died
five years before
·
The
doctor took off the plaster that he had put on six weeks before
Time Signal:
§
(
past tense)- After -(past perfect) :
setelah
§
(past
perfect)- Before -(past tense) :
sebelum
§
(
past tense)- As soon as -(past perfect) :
segera sesudah
§
(
past tense)- Until -(past perfect) :
hingga
§
By
the end of :
manjelang akhir . . .
§
Just
: baru saja
§
Already
: selalu
§
(past
perfect)- When -(past tense) :
ketika
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + O + signal
(−) S + had + not + V3 + O + signal
(?) had + S + V3 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + O + signal
(−) S + had + not + been + O + signal
(?)
had + S + been + O + signal?
VIII.
THE
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah
dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung pada waktu yang lampau pula.
Example:
·
They
had been living in Surabaya about ten years when I came in 1999
·
She
had not been watching the programs when I finished my lunch
·
Had
you been walking for an hours when I met you?
·
Hadn’t
I been singing here for ten minutes when you entered the room?
·
Mr.
Albie had been standing there since nine o’clock, suddenly a car hit him.
Time Signal:
§
(past
perfect progressive)- When -(simple past) : ketika
§
(past
perfect progressive)- After -(simple past) : setelah
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + had + not + been + V-ing + O + signal
(?) had + S + been + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + had + not + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(?)
had + S + been + being + non verb + O + signal
IX.
THE
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Definition:
Suatu bentuk pekerjaan untuk menyatakan yang akan terjadi pada waktu
yang akan datang
Example:
·
We
shall leave soon
·
The letter
will arrive tomorrow
·
John will come tomorrow
·
If I drop this glass, it will break
·
Everything will
be perfect
Time Signal:
§
Tomorrow
: besok
§
Next
week : minggu depan
§
Tonight
: nanti malam
§
Later
: nanti
§
This
evening : malam ini
§
Next
Sunday : minggu depan
§
Next
month : bulan depan
§
Three
more days: 3 hari lagi
§
5
minutes again : 5 menit lagi
§
This
afternoon : sore ini
§
2
days to go : 2 hari lagi
§
Tomorrow
evening : besok malam
§
The
day after tomorrow : besok lusa
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + will/ shall + V1 + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + V1 + O + signal
(?) will/ shall + S + V1 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+)S + will/ shall + be + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + be + non verb + O + signal
(?) will/ shall + S + be + non verb + O + signal?
They, we, I, you, he, she, it = will
I,
we = shall
X.
THE
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Dipergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan
sedang terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang.
Example:
·
I’ll be meeting him tomorrow
·
You will be working here
·
By six o’clock next Sunday, he will be
seeing us
·
They won't be watching TV at 9
pm
tonight
·
She will not be sleeping when
you telephone her
Time Signal:
§
At
ten o’clock tomorrow : pada jam
10 besok
§
By
this time tomorrow : pada
waktu seperti sekarang ini
§
At
the same time next Monday : pada
waktu yang sama senin depan
§
When
you visit me tomorrow : ketika kau mengunjungiku
besok
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + will/ shall + be + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + be + V-ing + O + signal
(?) will/ shall + S + be + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + will/ shall + be + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + be + being + non verb + O + signal
(?)
will/ shall + S + be + being + non verb + O + signal
XI.
THE
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Definition:
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang sudah dimulai pada
waktu lampau dan segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang.
Example:
·
We
shall have arrived at Hong Kong by Monday
·
They
won’t have been at home by the and of this month
·
Will
you have been a doctor by next year?
·
Won’t
she have known the news by ten o’clock?
·
Miss
Maya will have mastered adjectives by the on of the month
Time Signal:
§
By
Sunday :
menjelang hari minggu
§
By
the end of this week :
menjelang akhir minggu ini
§
By
next month :
manjelang bulan depan
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + will/ shall + have + V3 + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + have + V3 + O + signal
(?) will/ shall + S + have + V3 + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + will/ shall + have + been + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + have + been + non verb + O + signal
(?)
will/ shall + S + have + been + non verb + O + signal?
XII.
THE
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Definition:
Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peritiwa yang sudah dimulai pada
waktu lampau tetapi masih ada kemungkinan dilanjutkan pada waktu yang akan datang.
Example:
·
By
June 1988 I shall have been working here for five years.
·
They
will not have been studying English for three years by the end of July 1998.
·
Will
she have been living here for ten years by next month?
·
Shan’t
we have been studying at the university for six years by the end of this year?
·
By
9.pm Saharudin will have been singing for two hours.
Time Signal:
§
By
the end of . . . . : manjelang
akhir . . . .
§
By
the end of this year : menjelang akhir
tahun ini
§
By
the end of 1985 : menjelang akhir
tahun 1985
Formulation:
Ø
Verbal:
(+) S + will/ shall + have + been + V-ing + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + have + been + V-ing + O + signal
(?) will/ shall + S + have + been + V-ing + O + signal?
Ø
Nominal:
(+) S + will/ shall + have + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(−) S + will/ shall + not + have + been + being + non verb + O + signal
(?)
will/ shall + S + have + been + being + non verb + O + signal ?
Sumber : Buku 12 Tenses dan buku catatan.
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